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The concept of the spatial icon, introduced by ,A. Lidov. "Hodegetria of Constantinople" in the encyclopedia Miraculous icons in the Eastern Christian culture, Moscow, 1992. plays a central role in and is used to describe the perception of sacred spaces. Spatial icons are image-visions, that are evoked, for example, in the space of a or . The spatial icon encompasses a broad range of components involved in the formation and definition of sacred spaces.A. Lidov. "Spatial Icons. The Miraculous Performance with the Hodegetria of Constantinople" in Hierotopy. Creation of Sacred Spaces in Byzantium and Medieval Russia, ed. A. Lidov, Moscow: Progress-tradition, 2006, pp. 325-372. It is a consciously created spatial image that transcends the material objects involved in its formation. A variety of plastic elements, including everything from buildings to decoration, and from to artifacts, work together to form a spatial icon. Sacred and iconic images often play an integral role in the creation of a comprehensive spatial image.J. Bogdanovich. "The Performativity of Shrines in a Byzantine Church: The Shrines of St. Demetrios" in Spatial icons. Performativity in Byzantium and Medieval Russia, ed. A. Lidov, Moscow: Indrik, 2011. pp. 275-316.V. Sarabianov. "Relics and Images of Saints in the Sacred Space of St. Sophia Cathedral in Kiev" in Spatial icons. Performativity in Byzantium and Medieval Russia, ed. A. Lidov, Moscow: Indrik, 2011. pp. 364-392.A. Akiyama. "Interrelationships of Relics and Images in Buddhist and Christian Traditions: Comparative and Performative Aspects" in Spatial icons. Performativity in Byzantium and Medieval Russia, ed. A. Lidov, Moscow: Indrik, 2011. pp. 643-662. Various dynamic and performative media also play a significant role, such as rituals and song,L. Evseeva, L. Kondrashkova. "Creating the Iconic Space: Text, Singing and Image in the Sixteenth Century Festive Liturgy" in Spatial icons. Performativity in Byzantium and Medieval Russia, ed. A. Lidov, Moscow: Indrik, 2011, pp. 473-507. as well as the artistic manipulation of natural light,A. Godovanets. "The Icon of Light in the Architectural Space of Hagia Sophia" in Spatial icons. Performativity in Byzantium and Medieval Russia, ed. A. Lidov, Moscow: Indrik, 2011, pp. 119-142.Vs. Rozhniatovsky. "The Performative Iconography. Effects of Light in the Space of Eastern Christian Churches." in Spatial icons. Performativity in Byzantium and Medieval Russia, ed. A. Lidov, Moscow: Indrik, 2011, pp. 393-442.Vs. Rozhniatovsky. "Light Effects in the Space of Byzantine Church: Peculiarities and Stages of Evolution" in Light and Fire in the Sacred Space, ed. A. Lidov, Moscow: Indrik, 2011, pp. 95-101. lightingA. Melnik. "The Dramaturgy of Fire in Russian Churches in the 16th and 17th centuries." in Spatial icons. Performativity in Byzantium and Medieval Russia, ed. A. Lidov, Moscow: Indrik, 2011, pp. 443-473. and sounds, and also elements dealing with odor and touch.B. V. Pentcheva. The Sensual Icon. Space, Ritual, and the Senses in Byzantium, Pennstate Press, 2009. From this point of view, churches can be seen as spatial icons in which divine image-visions, such as or Heavenly Jerusalem, were incarnated in the sacred space by means of the various media employed without being directly depicted.M. Sokolov. "Principle of Paradise." Moscow: Progress-Tradition, 2011, Ch. 1. Earthen and Heavenly Paradise, pp. 23-88A. Lidov. "Hierotopy: Spatial icons and Image-Paradigms in Byzantine Culture", Moscow: Theoria, 2009. Ch. 10, Image-Paradigms as a New Notion of Visual Culture, pp. 293-305, 335-337.H. L. Kessler. "Seeing Medieval Art", Broadview Press, 2004, ch.5, Church, pp. 109-110. The temples and sanctuaries of various were originally conceived, designed and created as spatial icons.Sh. Tsuji. "Creating an Iconic Space. The Transformation of Narrative Landscape" in Spatial icons. Performativity in Byzantium and Medieval Russia, Moscow: Indrik, 2011, pp. 627-642. In the tradition in particular, impressive examples of spatial icons are to be found in re-creations of the Holy Land, or "New Jerusalems".A. Lidov. "New Jerusalems. Transferring of the Holy Land as Generative Matrix of Christian Culture" in New Jerusalems. Hierotopy and iconography of sacred spaces, ed. A. Lidov, Moscow: Indrik, 2009, pp. 8-10.M. Bacci. "Performed Topographies and Topomimetic Piety. Imaginative Sacred Spaces in Medieval Italy" in Spatial icons. Performativity in Byzantium and Medieval Russia, Moscow: Indrik, 2011, pp. 101-118. In many cases, spatial icons were the work of specific authors; their art could be compared with that of contemporary , for in both cases, there is the coordinated effort of various artists and specialists in shaping a single, comprehensive vision.A. Lidov. "The Creator of Sacred Space as a Phenomenon of Byzantine Culture" in L’artista a Bisanzio e nel mondo cristiano-orientale, ed. Michele Bacci, Pisa, 2003, pp.135-176.

Performativity, as well as various dynamic elements, is a significant feature of spatial icons.A. Lidov. "The Byzantine World and Performative Spaces" in Spatial icons. Performativity in Byzantium and Medieval Russia, ed. A. Lidov, Moscow: Indrik, 2011. pp. 17-26. Unlike a statue or building, they are constantly in motion, changing with the movement and activity of ritual and celebration, as well as with the alteration of light, odor and the movements of those participating and inhabiting them. The Tuesday performance surrounding the Hodegetria icon in ConstantinopleA. Lidov. "Hierotopy: spatial icons and image-paradigms in Byzantine culture", Ch. 2. Spatial icons. The Miraculous Performance with the Hodegetria in Constantinople. Moscow: Theoria, 2009, pp. 39-70. and the taking place in MoscowM. Flier. "The Image of the Tsar in the Muscovite Palm Sunday Ritual" in Spatial icons. Performativity in Byzantium and Medieval Russia, ed. A. Lidov, Moscow: Indrik, 2011, pp. 533-562. are classical examples of iconic performativity in the Eastern Christian tradition. In both cases, the city itself was temporarily transformed into the matrix of a spatial icon; the participants involved in these rituals were thus veritable co-creators of the sacred space along with the artists, priests and celebrants responsible for leading it. Another example of this performative element at work in spatial icons can be found in the ritual creation and destruction of the in the tradition.


Notes

Further reading
  • A. Lidov. Hierotopy: Spatial icons and Image-Paradigms in Byzantine Culture, Moscow: Theoria, 2009, 352 p.
  • Spatial icons. Textual and performative. Materials of international symposium, ed. A. Lidov, Moscow: Indrik, 2009, 184 p.
  • Spatial icons. Performativity in Byzantium and Medieval Russia, ed. A. Lidov, Moscow: Indrik, 2011, 702 p.
  • Icons of space. Advances in hierotopy. London&NY, 2021, 422 pp. (ed. J. Bogdanovich)


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